initorder.go

Documentation: go/types

     1  // Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
     2  // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
     3  // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
     4  
     5  package types
     6  
     7  import (
     8  	"container/heap"
     9  	"fmt"
    10  	. "internal/types/errors"
    11  	"sort"
    12  )
    13  
    14  // initOrder computes the Info.InitOrder for package variables.
    15  func (check *Checker) initOrder() {
    16  	// An InitOrder may already have been computed if a package is
    17  	// built from several calls to (*Checker).Files. Clear it.
    18  	check.Info.InitOrder = check.Info.InitOrder[:0]
    19  
    20  	// Compute the object dependency graph and initialize
    21  	// a priority queue with the list of graph nodes.
    22  	pq := nodeQueue(dependencyGraph(check.objMap))
    23  	heap.Init(&pq)
    24  
    25  	const debug = false
    26  	if debug {
    27  		fmt.Printf("Computing initialization order for %s\n\n", check.pkg)
    28  		fmt.Println("Object dependency graph:")
    29  		for obj, d := range check.objMap {
    30  			// only print objects that may appear in the dependency graph
    31  			if obj, _ := obj.(dependency); obj != nil {
    32  				if len(d.deps) > 0 {
    33  					fmt.Printf("\t%s depends on\n", obj.Name())
    34  					for dep := range d.deps {
    35  						fmt.Printf("\t\t%s\n", dep.Name())
    36  					}
    37  				} else {
    38  					fmt.Printf("\t%s has no dependencies\n", obj.Name())
    39  				}
    40  			}
    41  		}
    42  		fmt.Println()
    43  
    44  		fmt.Println("Transposed object dependency graph (functions eliminated):")
    45  		for _, n := range pq {
    46  			fmt.Printf("\t%s depends on %d nodes\n", n.obj.Name(), n.ndeps)
    47  			for p := range n.pred {
    48  				fmt.Printf("\t\t%s is dependent\n", p.obj.Name())
    49  			}
    50  		}
    51  		fmt.Println()
    52  
    53  		fmt.Println("Processing nodes:")
    54  	}
    55  
    56  	// Determine initialization order by removing the highest priority node
    57  	// (the one with the fewest dependencies) and its edges from the graph,
    58  	// repeatedly, until there are no nodes left.
    59  	// In a valid Go program, those nodes always have zero dependencies (after
    60  	// removing all incoming dependencies), otherwise there are initialization
    61  	// cycles.
    62  	emitted := make(map[*declInfo]bool)
    63  	for len(pq) > 0 {
    64  		// get the next node
    65  		n := heap.Pop(&pq).(*graphNode)
    66  
    67  		if debug {
    68  			fmt.Printf("\t%s (src pos %d) depends on %d nodes now\n",
    69  				n.obj.Name(), n.obj.order(), n.ndeps)
    70  		}
    71  
    72  		// if n still depends on other nodes, we have a cycle
    73  		if n.ndeps > 0 {
    74  			cycle := findPath(check.objMap, n.obj, n.obj, make(map[Object]bool))
    75  			// If n.obj is not part of the cycle (e.g., n.obj->b->c->d->c),
    76  			// cycle will be nil. Don't report anything in that case since
    77  			// the cycle is reported when the algorithm gets to an object
    78  			// in the cycle.
    79  			// Furthermore, once an object in the cycle is encountered,
    80  			// the cycle will be broken (dependency count will be reduced
    81  			// below), and so the remaining nodes in the cycle don't trigger
    82  			// another error (unless they are part of multiple cycles).
    83  			if cycle != nil {
    84  				check.reportCycle(cycle)
    85  			}
    86  			// Ok to continue, but the variable initialization order
    87  			// will be incorrect at this point since it assumes no
    88  			// cycle errors.
    89  		}
    90  
    91  		// reduce dependency count of all dependent nodes
    92  		// and update priority queue
    93  		for p := range n.pred {
    94  			p.ndeps--
    95  			heap.Fix(&pq, p.index)
    96  		}
    97  
    98  		// record the init order for variables with initializers only
    99  		v, _ := n.obj.(*Var)
   100  		info := check.objMap[v]
   101  		if v == nil || !info.hasInitializer() {
   102  			continue
   103  		}
   104  
   105  		// n:1 variable declarations such as: a, b = f()
   106  		// introduce a node for each lhs variable (here: a, b);
   107  		// but they all have the same initializer - emit only
   108  		// one, for the first variable seen
   109  		if emitted[info] {
   110  			continue // initializer already emitted, if any
   111  		}
   112  		emitted[info] = true
   113  
   114  		infoLhs := info.lhs // possibly nil (see declInfo.lhs field comment)
   115  		if infoLhs == nil {
   116  			infoLhs = []*Var{v}
   117  		}
   118  		init := &Initializer{infoLhs, info.init}
   119  		check.Info.InitOrder = append(check.Info.InitOrder, init)
   120  	}
   121  
   122  	if debug {
   123  		fmt.Println()
   124  		fmt.Println("Initialization order:")
   125  		for _, init := range check.Info.InitOrder {
   126  			fmt.Printf("\t%s\n", init)
   127  		}
   128  		fmt.Println()
   129  	}
   130  }
   131  
   132  // findPath returns the (reversed) list of objects []Object{to, ... from}
   133  // such that there is a path of object dependencies from 'from' to 'to'.
   134  // If there is no such path, the result is nil.
   135  func findPath(objMap map[Object]*declInfo, from, to Object, seen map[Object]bool) []Object {
   136  	if seen[from] {
   137  		return nil
   138  	}
   139  	seen[from] = true
   140  
   141  	for d := range objMap[from].deps {
   142  		if d == to {
   143  			return []Object{d}
   144  		}
   145  		if P := findPath(objMap, d, to, seen); P != nil {
   146  			return append(P, d)
   147  		}
   148  	}
   149  
   150  	return nil
   151  }
   152  
   153  // reportCycle reports an error for the given cycle.
   154  func (check *Checker) reportCycle(cycle []Object) {
   155  	obj := cycle[0]
   156  
   157  	// report a more concise error for self references
   158  	if len(cycle) == 1 {
   159  		check.errorf(obj, InvalidInitCycle, "initialization cycle: %s refers to itself", obj.Name())
   160  		return
   161  	}
   162  
   163  	check.errorf(obj, InvalidInitCycle, "initialization cycle for %s", obj.Name())
   164  	// subtle loop: print cycle[i] for i = 0, n-1, n-2, ... 1 for len(cycle) = n
   165  	for i := len(cycle) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
   166  		check.errorf(obj, InvalidInitCycle, "\t%s refers to", obj.Name()) // secondary error, \t indented
   167  		obj = cycle[i]
   168  	}
   169  	// print cycle[0] again to close the cycle
   170  	check.errorf(obj, InvalidInitCycle, "\t%s", obj.Name())
   171  }
   172  
   173  // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
   174  // Object dependency graph
   175  
   176  // A dependency is an object that may be a dependency in an initialization
   177  // expression. Only constants, variables, and functions can be dependencies.
   178  // Constants are here because constant expression cycles are reported during
   179  // initialization order computation.
   180  type dependency interface {
   181  	Object
   182  	isDependency()
   183  }
   184  
   185  // A graphNode represents a node in the object dependency graph.
   186  // Each node p in n.pred represents an edge p->n, and each node
   187  // s in n.succ represents an edge n->s; with a->b indicating that
   188  // a depends on b.
   189  type graphNode struct {
   190  	obj        dependency // object represented by this node
   191  	pred, succ nodeSet    // consumers and dependencies of this node (lazily initialized)
   192  	index      int        // node index in graph slice/priority queue
   193  	ndeps      int        // number of outstanding dependencies before this object can be initialized
   194  }
   195  
   196  // cost returns the cost of removing this node, which involves copying each
   197  // predecessor to each successor (and vice-versa).
   198  func (n *graphNode) cost() int {
   199  	return len(n.pred) * len(n.succ)
   200  }
   201  
   202  type nodeSet map[*graphNode]bool
   203  
   204  func (s *nodeSet) add(p *graphNode) {
   205  	if *s == nil {
   206  		*s = make(nodeSet)
   207  	}
   208  	(*s)[p] = true
   209  }
   210  
   211  // dependencyGraph computes the object dependency graph from the given objMap,
   212  // with any function nodes removed. The resulting graph contains only constants
   213  // and variables.
   214  func dependencyGraph(objMap map[Object]*declInfo) []*graphNode {
   215  	// M is the dependency (Object) -> graphNode mapping
   216  	M := make(map[dependency]*graphNode)
   217  	for obj := range objMap {
   218  		// only consider nodes that may be an initialization dependency
   219  		if obj, _ := obj.(dependency); obj != nil {
   220  			M[obj] = &graphNode{obj: obj}
   221  		}
   222  	}
   223  
   224  	// compute edges for graph M
   225  	// (We need to include all nodes, even isolated ones, because they still need
   226  	// to be scheduled for initialization in correct order relative to other nodes.)
   227  	for obj, n := range M {
   228  		// for each dependency obj -> d (= deps[i]), create graph edges n->s and s->n
   229  		for d := range objMap[obj].deps {
   230  			// only consider nodes that may be an initialization dependency
   231  			if d, _ := d.(dependency); d != nil {
   232  				d := M[d]
   233  				n.succ.add(d)
   234  				d.pred.add(n)
   235  			}
   236  		}
   237  	}
   238  
   239  	var G, funcG []*graphNode // separate non-functions and functions
   240  	for _, n := range M {
   241  		if _, ok := n.obj.(*Func); ok {
   242  			funcG = append(funcG, n)
   243  		} else {
   244  			G = append(G, n)
   245  		}
   246  	}
   247  
   248  	// remove function nodes and collect remaining graph nodes in G
   249  	// (Mutually recursive functions may introduce cycles among themselves
   250  	// which are permitted. Yet such cycles may incorrectly inflate the dependency
   251  	// count for variables which in turn may not get scheduled for initialization
   252  	// in correct order.)
   253  	//
   254  	// Note that because we recursively copy predecessors and successors
   255  	// throughout the function graph, the cost of removing a function at
   256  	// position X is proportional to cost * (len(funcG)-X). Therefore, we should
   257  	// remove high-cost functions last.
   258  	sort.Slice(funcG, func(i, j int) bool {
   259  		return funcG[i].cost() < funcG[j].cost()
   260  	})
   261  	for _, n := range funcG {
   262  		// connect each predecessor p of n with each successor s
   263  		// and drop the function node (don't collect it in G)
   264  		for p := range n.pred {
   265  			// ignore self-cycles
   266  			if p != n {
   267  				// Each successor s of n becomes a successor of p, and
   268  				// each predecessor p of n becomes a predecessor of s.
   269  				for s := range n.succ {
   270  					// ignore self-cycles
   271  					if s != n {
   272  						p.succ.add(s)
   273  						s.pred.add(p)
   274  					}
   275  				}
   276  				delete(p.succ, n) // remove edge to n
   277  			}
   278  		}
   279  		for s := range n.succ {
   280  			delete(s.pred, n) // remove edge to n
   281  		}
   282  	}
   283  
   284  	// fill in index and ndeps fields
   285  	for i, n := range G {
   286  		n.index = i
   287  		n.ndeps = len(n.succ)
   288  	}
   289  
   290  	return G
   291  }
   292  
   293  // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
   294  // Priority queue
   295  
   296  // nodeQueue implements the container/heap interface;
   297  // a nodeQueue may be used as a priority queue.
   298  type nodeQueue []*graphNode
   299  
   300  func (a nodeQueue) Len() int { return len(a) }
   301  
   302  func (a nodeQueue) Swap(i, j int) {
   303  	x, y := a[i], a[j]
   304  	a[i], a[j] = y, x
   305  	x.index, y.index = j, i
   306  }
   307  
   308  func (a nodeQueue) Less(i, j int) bool {
   309  	x, y := a[i], a[j]
   310  	// nodes are prioritized by number of incoming dependencies (1st key)
   311  	// and source order (2nd key)
   312  	return x.ndeps < y.ndeps || x.ndeps == y.ndeps && x.obj.order() < y.obj.order()
   313  }
   314  
   315  func (a *nodeQueue) Push(x any) {
   316  	panic("unreachable")
   317  }
   318  
   319  func (a *nodeQueue) Pop() any {
   320  	n := len(*a)
   321  	x := (*a)[n-1]
   322  	x.index = -1 // for safety
   323  	*a = (*a)[:n-1]
   324  	return x
   325  }
   326
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